3The Contact Committee, an arm of the Jewish Council in Westerbork, was in charge of processing exemptions from deportation and keeping lists. In the spring of 1944, the commander of Westerbork, Albert Gemmeker, ordered the members of the Contact Committee to contact Jews in hiding in Amsterdam and elsewhere and offer them the possibility of buying their freedom with money and valuable jewelry. See Officer J. Schoenmaker, Assen, the Netherlands, Process Verbal (police report), No. 414, 6–7, Bureau oorlogsmisdrijven 58 (Office of War Crimes 58), June 4, 1948. The report is 117 pages long.
4On November 20, 1963, Otto spoke with the Het Vrije Volk newspaper and provided this statement. It appeared in Het Vrije Volk on November 22, 1963, under the title “De Oostenrijkse politieagent die Anne Frank arresteerde, bekent en legt uit: Ik heb zojuist orders uitgevoerd” [The Austrian Police Officer Who Arrested Anne Frank Confesses and Explains: I Just Executed Orders].
5Otto Frank, letter to Miep Gies, December 1, 1963, AFS.
6Eda Shapiro and Rick Kardonne, Victor Kugler: The Man Who Hid Anne Frank (Jerusalem: Gefen Publishing House, 2004), was eventually published through the efforts of Eda Shapiro’s late husband, Irving Naftolin, and her coauthor, Rick Kardonne.
Epilogue: The Shadow City
1Carol Ann Lee, The Hidden Life of Otto Frank (New York: Harper Perennial, 2003), 314.
2Ibid., 294.
3Ibid., 292.
4This was Miep’s response to a student’s question. Scholastic published her replies to students’ questions on its website. See “Interview Transcript: Miep Gies,” Scholastic, http://teacher.scholastic.com/frank/tscripts/miep.htm.
5Jeroen de Bruyn and Joop van Wijk, Anne Frank: The Untold Story: The Hidden Truth About Eli Vossen, the Youngest Helper of the Secret Annex (Laag-Soeren, Netherlands: Bep Voskuijl Productions, 2018), 169. See also Wikipedia, s.v. “Bep Voskuijl,” https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bep_Voskuijl.
6Melissa Müller, Anne Frank: The Biography, translated by Rita and Robert Kimber (New York: Picador USA, 2013), 395.
7Eva Schloss with Karen Bartlett, After Auschwitz: A Story of Heartbreak and Survival by the Stepsister of Anne Frank (London: Hodder & Stoughton, 2013), 270.
8Lee, The Hidden Life of Otto Frank, 227.
9Ibid., 274.
10Gerben Post, Lotty’s Bench: The Persecution of the Jews of Amsterdam Remembered, translated by Tom Leighton (Volendam, Netherlands: LM Publishers, 2018), 150. See also Bob Moore, Victims and Survivors: The Nazi Persecution of the Jews in the Netherlands 1940–1945 (London: Arnold, 1997), 185–86.
11Post, Lotty’s Bench, 113–14.
12Ibid., 67.
13Ibid., 202.
14Ibid., 195.
15David Nasaw, The Last Million: Europe’s Displaced Persons from World War to Cold War (New York: Penguin, 2020).
16Wikipedia, s.v. “Geertruida Wijsmuller-Meijer,” https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geertruida_Wijsmuller-Meijer.
Index
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Aachen, Frank family vacations in, 37
Abraham Puls movers, 75
Abuys, Guido, 211
Abwehr, 260, 315
De achtertuin van het achterhuis (The Backyard of the Annex; Kremer), 143–44
Ahlers, Anton “Tonny,” 98, 99, 115–16, 120, 121–28, 130, 201, 279, 338n2
Alsemgeest, Arnoldina, 156
Amersfoort labor camp, 72, 81, 239, 315
Amstelveenseweg prison, 165, 211, 279
Amsterdam, shadow city of, 290–95
Amsterdam City Archives (Stadsarchief Amsterdam), 97, 111, 124, 130, 131, 172, 188, 234, 323
Anne Frank: A Biography (Müller), 98, 177, 205, 206
Anne Frank Fonds (AFF), 25–28, 101, 122, 192, 242, 283, 286–87, 315
Anne Frank House, Frankfurt, 27
Anne Frank House (Prinsengracht 263), Amsterdam: back Annex and secret entrance, detectability of, 22, 48, 129, 133–36; cold case investigation of, 97, 133–35; as crime scene, 22; foundation saving and maintaining, 24–25; Otto Frank’s business premises at, 48–49; Otto Frank’s return to, 81–82; as museum, xiii, 19, 22, 286; purchase of Frank home at Merwedeplein 37, 35n; sale and demolition, prevention of, 93, 247; theory of betrayal espoused by, 99. See also hiding in Prinsengracht 263
Anne Frank Remembered (film), 288
Anne Frank Remembered (Miep Gies and Leslie Gold), 146, 199–92
Anne Frank Stichting (Anne Frank Foundation; AFS), 24–25, 47, 176, 245, 246–47, 286, 315
Anne Frank story: Frank family leaving Germany for Netherlands, 31–32; German invasion and occupation of Netherlands, 41–47; Netherlands, Frank family life in, 35–40; stakeholders in, 23–28, 101; survival of Otto Frank/deaths of others, 79–84; Westerbork transit camp, 21, 36, 72, 75–78, 85–86. See also betrayal of Anne Frank; hiding in Prinsengracht 263
Anne Frank: The Untold Story (van Wijk and de Bruyn), 171, 175, 179, 273–74
Anne Frank: The Whole Story (ABC miniseries), 206
anonymous note sent to Otto Frank: Abschfrift note, discovery of, 239–40, 275; addresses rather than names mentioned as passed on in, 237, 275; granddaughter of Arnold van den Bergh on, 259; handwriting/typescript analysis of, 240–45; kept secret by Otto, 247–49, 279, 280; Kleiman on, 247–48, 250; linguistic analysis of, 240, 251–52; mentioned in second investigation (1963–1964), 224, 282; original and copies of, 225, 237–38; sender of, 250–54; A. van den Bergh implicated in, 224–25, 229, 275–76; van Hasselt, note given by Otto to, 245–48, 281; van Hasselt and, 245–48
anti-Semitism: of Ahlers, 123; in Austria, 37; Otto Frank, attacks on, 93–94; in Germany after WWI, 29–32; of Hitler, 30; in Netherlands, 17, 36, 42–43
Arbeitseinsatz, 10, 53, 133, 149, 204, 205, 316
archival files, searching, 99–101, 106–9
Arolsen Archives (formerly International Tracing Service, or ITS), 216–17, 225
Arrest Tracking Project, 68–72, 102, 152, 153, 163, 186, 276, 316
artificial intelligence (AI) platform, 97–98, 102–3, 131, 224, 225, 272–73
Artis Zoo, Amsterdam, 291–92
Asscher, Abraham, 219, 227, 267–68
Asscher Diamond Company, 268
aus der Fünten, Ferdinand, 186, 226, 230, 260, 263, 266, 291
Auschwitz: contemporary knowledge of, 76; continued transportation of Jews to, near war’s end, 78; Rootje de Winter meeting Edith, Margot, and Anne at, 80; death march evacuation of, 82–83; death of Hans van Pels at, 82; defined and described, 316; hiders at Prinsengracht 263 transported to, 6, 78; Job Jansen’s son at, 117; liberation and return of Otto Frank from, 79, 86, 92, 126, 198, 249, 250, 286; Lotty and Beppie returning from, 293; Spronz and Otto meeting in, 287; Weinrother (fiancée of son of A. Asscher) deported to, 268; Weiszes deported to, 212, 217
Austria: anti-Semitism in, 37; Miep Gies originating from, 8, 38; Hitler’s annexation of, 39; identification and location of Silberbauer by, 193–97
Bacchi, Umberto, 347n6
Baer, Drake, 199
Bangert, Petrus Henrikus, 166–68
Barneveld Barrack (Barrack 85), Westerbork, 212, 214, 215, 267
Barnouw, David, 98–99, 129, 132, 145, 175, 352n3
Barrack 67, Westerbork, 77, 211, 212
Bayens, Hans, xiv–xv
Bayens, Joachim, xii
Bayens, Thijs: archival files, access to, 100; assembly of Cold Case Team, 17–18, 21; Bolle and, 226–27; funding for investigation, 17; granddaughter of Arnold van den Bergh and, 255–59; institution of cold case investigation, reasons for, xi–xv; Vince Pankoke, first meeting with, 97; personal connection to Dutch resistance movement, xiv–xv, 15; pilot video, 97; Menachem Sebbag and, 112; stakeholders in Anne Frank story and, 23, 25–28, 101; on van den Bergh, 235–36
BBC Radio, 4, 50, 123, 321–22
Behavioral Science Unit, FBI, 98
Beppie and Lotty in Apollolaan district, 293–94