7. Casey E. Copen, Kimberly Daniels, Jonathan Vespa, and William D. Mosher, “First Marriages in the United States: Data from the 2006–2010 National Survey of Family Growth,” National Health Statistics Reports 49 (2012).
8. These numbers come from a report on Internet trends by Mary Meeker of the venture capital firm Kleiner Perkins Caufield & Byers. The report is available from the website Quartz at http://qz.com/214307/mary-meeker-2014-internet-trends-report-all-the-slides/.
Chapter 2: The Initial Ask
1. The results of the survey, conducted by the communications company textPlus, are available at http://www.textplus.com/its-prom-party -time/.
2. Ibid.
3. The account of texting we tell here relies on Chris Gayomali, “The Text Message Turns 20: A Brief History of SMS,” The Week, December 3, 2012.
4. The 2010 data are reported in David Goldman, “Your Smartphone Will Run Your Life,” CNN.com, October 19, 2010. The 2014 data come from Pew Research Center, “Device Ownership over Time,” Pew Research Internet Project, January 2014, http://www.pewinternet.org/data-trend/mobile/cell-phone-and-smartphone-ownership-demographics/.
5. Clive Thompson, “Clive Thompson on the Death of the Phone Call,” Wired, July 28, 2010.
6. George Homans established the classic sociological “principle of least interest,” which holds that the person who is least interested in a relationship has the most power. See George Caspar Homans, Social Behavior: Its Elementary Forms (New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1961).
7. Mike J. F. Robinson, Patrick Anselme, Adam M. Fischer, and Kent C. Berridge, “Initial Uncertainty in Pavlovian Reward Prediction Persistently Elevates Incentive Salience and Extends Sign-Tracking to Normally Unattractive Cues,” Behavioral Brain Research 266 (2014): 119–30.
8. Erin Whitchurch, Timothy Wilson, and Daniel Gilbert, “‘He Loves Me, He Loves Me Not . . .’ Uncertainty Can Increase Romantic Attraction,” Psychological Science 22, no. 2 (2011): 172–75.
9. The survey, conducted by Hunter Public Relations, can be found at http://clientnewsfeed.hunterpr.com/category/Wine-Spirits-News.aspx?page=25.
Chapter 3: Online Dating
1. Christian Rudder, Dataclysm:Who We Are (When We Think No One’s Looking) (New York: Crown, 2014).
2. Nathan Ensmenger, “Computer Dating in the 1960s,” The Computer Boys (blog), March 5, 2014.
3. H. G. Cocks, Classified: The Secret History of the Personal Column (London: Random House, 2009).
4. This story is told in Jeff Kauflin, “How Match.com’s Founder Created the World’s Biggest Dating Website—and Walked Away with Just $50,000,” Business Insider, December 16, 2011.
5. John T. Cacioppo, Stephanie Cacioppo, Gian C. Gonzaga, Elizabeth L. Ogburn, and Tyler J. VanderWeele, “Marital Satisfaction and Break-ups Differ Across On-line and Off-line Meeting Venues,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 110, no. 47 (2011): 18814–19.
6. More of this data is here: http://data.stanford.edu/hcmst. The survey oversampled gays and lesbians to make sure there were sufficient numbers to draw meaningful conclusions.
7. Michael J. Rosenfeld and Reuben J. Thomas, “Searching for a Mate: The Rise of the Internet as a Social Intermediary,” American Sociological Review 77, no. 4 (2012): 523–47.
8. Aaron Smith and Maeve Duggan, “Online Dating and Relationships,” Pew Research Center, October 21, 2013.
9. Rudder, Dataclysm, 70.
10. Dan Slater, Love in the Time of Algorithms: What Technology Does to Meeting and Mating (New York: Current Books, 2013).
11. Christian Rudder, “The 4 Big Myths of Profile Pictures,” OkTrends (blog), January 20, 2010, http://blog.okcupid.com/index.php/the-4-big-myths-of-profile-pictures/.
12. Eli J. Finkel, Paul W. Eastwick, Benjamin R. Karney, Harry T. Reis, and Susan Sprecher, “Online Dating: A Critical Analysis from the Perspective of Psychological Science,” Psychological Science in the Public Interest 13, no. 1 (2012): 3–66.
13. Laura Stampler, “Inside Tinder: Meet the Guys Who Turned Dating into an Addiction,” Time, February 6, 2014.
14. Ann Friedman, “How Tinder Solved Online Dating for Women,” New York, October 10, 2013.
15. Nick Bilton, “Tinder, the Fast-Growing Dating App, Taps an Age-Old Truth,” New York Times, October 29, 2014.
16. Holly Baxter and Pete Cashmore, “Tinder: The Shallowest Dating App Ever?” Guardian, November 22, 2013.
17. Velvet Garvey, “9 Rules for Expats in Qatar,” Matador Network, July 28, 2012.
Chapter 4: Choice and Options
1. Sheena S. Iyengar, Rachael E. Wells, and Barry Schwartz, “Doing Better but Feeling Worse: Looking for the ‘Best’ Job Undermines Satisfaction,” Psychological Science 17, no. 2 (2006): 143–50.