Frahm, Jill. “Advance to the ‘Fighting Lines’: The Changing Role of Women Telephone Operators in France During the First World War,” Federal History Journal Issue 8 (2016): 95–108.
Gallagher, Ida Jane Meadows. “The Secret Life of Frances Steen Suddeth Josephson,” The Key (Fall 1996): 26–30.
Gildersleeve, Virginia C. “We Need Trained Brains,” New York Times Magazine, March 29, 1942.
Goldin, Claudia D. “Marriage Bars: Discrimination Against Married Women Workers, 1920s to 1950s,” NBER Working Paper 2747 (October 1988).
. “The Quiet Revolution That Transformed Women’s Employment, Education, and Family,” AEA Papers and Proceedings (May 2006): 1–21.
. “The Role of World War II in the Rise of Women’s Employment,” The American Economic Review 81.4 (September 1991): 741–756.
Greenbaum, Lucy. “10,000 Women in U.S. Rush to Join New Army Corps,” New York Times, May 28, 1942, A1.
Guton, Joseph M. “Girl Town: Temporary World War II Housing at Arlington Farms,” Arlington Historical Magazine 14.3 (2011): 5–13.
Kahn, David. “Pearl Harbor and the Inadequacy of Cryptanalysis,” Cryptologia 15.4: 273–294.
. “Why Weren’t We Warned?” MHQ: Quarterly Journal of Military History 4.1 (Autumn 1991): 50–59.
Kurtz, Ann White. “An Alumna Remembers,” Wellesley Wegweiser, Issue 10 (Spring 2003).
. “From Women at War to Foreign Affairs Scholar,” American Diplomacy: Foreign Service Dispatches and Periodic Reports on U.S. Foreign Policy (June 2006).
Lee, John A. N., Colin Burke, and Deborah Anderson. “The US Bombes, NCR, Joseph Desch, and 600 WAVES: The First Reunion of the US Naval Computing Machine Laboratory,” IEEE Annals of the History of Computing (July–September 2000): 1–15.
Lewand, Robert Edward. “The Perfect Cipher,” The Mathematical Gazette 94.531 (November 2010): 401–411.
. “Secret Keeping 101—Dr. Janice Martin Benario and the Women’s College Connection to ULTRA,” Cryptologia 35.1: 42–46.
Lipartito, Kenneth. “When Women Were Switches: Technology, Work, and Gender in the Telephone Industry, 1890–1920,” American Historical Review 99.4 (October 1994): 1075–1111.
Lujan, Susan M. “Agnes Meyer Driscoll,” NCA Cryptolog (August Special 1988): 4–6.
Martin, Douglas, “Frank W. Lewis, Master of the Cryptic Crossword, Dies at 98,” New York Times, December 3, 2010.
McBride, Katharine E. “The College Answers the Challenge of War and Peace,” Bryn Mawr Alumnae Bulletin 23.2 (March 1943).
Musser, Frederic O. “Ultra vs Enigma: Goucher’s Top Secret Contribution to Victory in Europe in World War II,” Goucher Quarterly 70.2 (1992): 4–7.
Parker, Harriet F. “In the Waves,” Bryn Mawr Alumnae Bulletin 23.2 (March 1943).
Richard, Joseph E. “The Breaking of the Japanese Army’s Codes,” Cryptologia 28.4: 289–308.
Rosenfeld, Megan. “‘Government Girls:’ World War II’s Army of the Potomac,” Washington Post, May 10, 1999. A1.
Safford, Captain Laurance F. “The Inside Story of the Battle of Midway and the Ousting of Commander Rochefort,” essay written in 1944, published in Echoes of Our Past, Naval Cryptologic Veterans Association (Pace, FL: Patmos, 2008).
Sheldon, Rose Mary. “The Friedman Collection: An Analytical Guide,” http://marshallfoundation.org/library/wp-content/uploads/sites/16/2014/09/Friedman_Collection_Guide_September_2014.pdf.
Sherman, William H. “How To Make Anything Signify Anything,” Cabinet Issue 40 (Winter 2010/11). www.cabinetmagazine.org/issues/40/sherman.php.
Smoot, Betsy Rohaly. “An Accidental Cryptologist: The Brief Career of Genevieve Young Hitt,” Cryptologia 35.2: 164–175.
Stickney, Zephorene. “Code Breakers: The Secret Service,” Wheaton Quarterly (Summer 2015).
Wright, William M. “White City to White Elephant: Washington’s Union Station Since World War II,” Washington History 10.2 (Fall/Winter 1998–99): 25–31.
Websites, DVDs, Speeches, Essays
Dayton Code Breakers: http://daytoncodebreakers.org/
Undated television interview with Nancy Dobson Titcomb
Fran Steen Suddeth Josephson, South Carolina’s Greatest Generation DVD, interview with South Carolina ETV, uncut version, undated
Margaret Gilman McKenna, videotape interview provided by family
Elizabeth Bigelow Stewart, essay of reminiscence
Ann Caracristi speech, “Women in Cryptology,” presented at the NSA on April 6, 1998
Larry Gray essay of reminiscence about his mother, Virginia Caroline Wiley, “Nobody Special, She Said”
Nancy Tipton letter of reminiscence, “Memoirs of a Cryptographer 1944–1946,” February 2, 2006
Betty Dowse publication of wartime reminiscences by the class of 1942 at Wellesley, “The World of Wellesley ’42”
Notes
Three file collections from the National Archives at College Park have been consulted and are frequently cited. The full citations are:
RG 38, Entry 1030 (A1), Records of the Naval Security Group Central Depository, Crane Indiana, CNSG Library.
RG 0457, Entry 9002 (A1), National Security Agency/Central Security Service, Studies on Cryptology, 1917–1977.
RG 0457, Entry 9032 (A1), National Security Agency/Central Security Service, Historic Cryptographic Collection, Pre–World War I Through World War II.
Transcripts of oral history interviews with the “NSA-OH” ID are from Oral History Interviews, National Security Agency, https://www.nsa.gov/news-features/declassified-documents/oral-history-interviews/index.shtml.
Transcripts of oral history interviews and associated personal materials with the “WV” ID are from the Betty H. Carter Women Veterans Historical Project, Martha Blakeney Hodges Special Collections and University Archives, the University of North Carolina at Greensboro, NC. http://libcdm1.uncg.edu/cdm/landingpage/collection/WVHP/.
The Secret Letters
“Get that fellow’s number,” he told his junior officer: Gordon W. Prange, At Dawn We Slept (New York: Penguin, 1982), 517.
Ann White, a senior at Wellesley College: Ann White Kurtz, “An Alumna Remembers,” Wellesley Wegweiser, no. 10 (Spring 2003): 3, https://www.wellesley.edu/sites/default/files/assets/departments/german/files/weg03.pdf; Ann White Kurtz, “From Women at War to Foreign Affairs Scholar,” American Diplomacy (June 2006), http://www.unc.edu/depts/diplomat/item/2006/0406/kurt/kurtz_women.html; Mary Carpenter and Betty Paul Dowse, “The Code Breakers of 1942,” Wellesley (Winter 2000):26–30, as well as the underlying notes to that article, which Mary Carpenter shared with the author.
Elizabeth Colby, a Wellesley math major: Carpenter and Dowse, “Code Breakers of 1942.”
Anne Barus received her own letter: Anne Barus Seeley, naval code breaker, interview at her Cape Cod home on July 12, 2015.