260 “We always thought it was so cool”: Wanda Jackson, telephone interview, February 15, 2016.
260 “The Peninsula recently lost a woman of courage”: Gloria Champine, “Mary Jackson,” NASA website, February 2005, http://crgis.ndc.nasa.gov/crgis/images/4/4a/MaryJackson.pdf.
261 It was “deadly”: Fries, NASA Engineers in the Age of Apollo, loc. 1741.
261 knocked off the board by a black man: Christine Darden, The History Makers.
261 “Why is it that men get placed into engineering groups”: Darden interview.
261 “Well, nobody’s ever complained”: Ibid.
261 had been an “excellent mathematician”: John Becker, personal interview, August 10, 2014; Golemba, “Human Computers,” 4.
262 self-described “wing man”: “David Earl Fetterman Jr.,” Daily Press, March 5, 2003.
262 It took three years of work: Christine M. Darden, “Minimization of Sonic-Boom Parameters in Real and Isothermal Atmospheres,” Langley Research Center, 1975.
262 sixty technical publications and presentations: Warren, Black Women Scientists in the United States, 78.
262 seven men and one woman: Christine Darden, personal interview, February 12, 2012; Christine Darden, “Growing Up in the South During Brown v. Board,” Old Dominion University Commencement Address, December 15, 2012, http://justiceunbound.org/carousel/growing-up-in-the-south-during-brown-v-board/.
262 “juggling the duties of Girl Scout mom”: Warren, Black Women Scientists in the United States, 77.
263 Gloria Champine admired Christine Darden’s intelligence: Gloria Champine, personal interview, July 23, 2014.
263 “It involved a promotion”: Hammond interview, April 4, 2014.
264 was given to Roger Butler: Cortright, “Reorganization of the Langley Research Center.”
264 Sara Bullock, the East Computer: Ibid.
264 In 1971, there were still no female: Ibid.
264 Only reluctantly did she agree: Hammond interview, April 3, 2014.
INDEX
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Abernathy, Ralph, 168, 202, 240–241
ACD. SeeAnalysis and Computation Division aerodynamics blunt object reentry, 163, 188
laminar flow airfoils, 55, 111
NACA crash course, 54–55
Aerospace Mechanics Division, 182
Azimuth Angle report, 192, 211, 220
Aircraft Engine Research Laboratory (OH), 41, 84
aircraft name designations, 57
aircraft production boost, 3, 41
Aldrin, Buzz, 245
Allen, Harvey, 163, 188
Almond, J. Lindsay, 168, 184
Alpha Kappa Alpha sorority, 40, 94, 105, 120, 133, 186, 232, 235–239, 312
Alston, Daisy (West Computer), 171, 204
Alston v. Norfolk (1940), 70
“America Is for Everybody” brochure, 227–228
“American Century,” 137, 299
Ames Aeronautical Laboratory (CA), 41, 82, 84
Analysis and Computation Division (ACD) black employees, 241
Dorothy Vaughan, 204–206, 218–219
Anderson, Marian, 68, 228
anti-Semitism, 102
Area Rule, 110–111
Armstrong, Neil, 244, 245
astronauts
civil rights support, 203, 309
“dummy” orbital flight, 219, 222
first American into space, 208–209
first American orbital flight, 209, 213–217, 223–224
first full day in space, 215
first human to orbit, 208, 209
heart rate tracking, 221
no blacks, 225, 241
Project Mercury selection, 188–189
See also specific astronauts Atlas rocket, 189, 208, 213–214, 217–218, 221, 223
atomic war, 98, 151–152, 301
Azimuth Angle report, 192, 211, 220
B for bombers, 57
B-29 Superfortress, 57, 59, 99
Baez, Joan, 228
Baker, Josephine, 103
Bassette, Ida (West Computer), 81
Bassette, Pearl (West Computer), 16, 39, 42, 171, 204
Bates, Daisy, 228, 312
bathrooms segregated, xv, 48
Colored Girls sign, 8, 43, 44
East Side assignment, 108–109
opting out, 129, 146–147, 179
Soviet influence, 169–170
Baumgartner Carl, Ann, 55
Bay Shore Beach (Hampton, VA), 78, 93, 118
Beck, Harold, 210
Becker, John, 42, 82, 114–115, 163–164, 261
Bell, Lawrence, 99–100
Bell Telephone Laboratories, 137–138
Bell X–1 plane, 85, 99–100
Bethune, Mary McLeod, 66, 229
Biggins, Virginia, xvi, 180
Bird, John D. “Jaybird,” 42, 113–114, 180, 218
black Americans
African feet ashore, 228, 311
after World War II, 140
American dilemma, 109, 295
Double V, 35–36
engineers, xiv, 113–114, 145–147, 230
first mathematics doctorates, 13, 24
Hampton Institute president, 97, 203
international view, 103–104, 150, 170
Log Cabin Beach, 78–79
“masked” around whites, 109
Moon shot cost, 240–241
nameless or renowned, 250, 251
NASA employees, xiv, 217–219, 227–228, 241–242
National Technical Association, 197
soap box derby winner, 200
top echelon via washerwomen, 12, 235–236
treatment of vs. colonialism, 103–104
women with college degrees, 40
women’s average wage, 79
See also civil rights movement; desegregation; segregation black newspapers Ace of Space John Glenn, 224
Brown v. Board of Education, 141
freedom fighting, 34–36
Goble family, 185–186
Hillside Inn advertisements, 238, 313
Katherine Johnson celebrity, 225, 249
school closings over integration, 169, 184
Sputnik and education, 152
Tuskegee airmen, 51–52
Vaughan family, 10
war job advertisements, 15
Boaz, Aurelia (West Computer), 105
Brown, Lawrence, 146, 166
Brown, Yvette (West Computer), 39
Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka (1954), 135, 140–141, 153–154, 157, 304
Virginia versus, 168–169, 184–186, 203–204, 304, 309
Bullock, Sara (East Computer), 138, 205, 264
Burton, Mary Shep (math aide), 210
bus segregation
boycott of city buses, 168, 202
Colored waiting room, 22
entering and exiting, 30, 36
illegal per Supreme Court, 44–45
punishing violators, 31
Virginia treatment of blacks, 69–70
Butler, Melvin
applicant sources, 5
courting James Williams, 113
Negro female candidates, 6–8
permanent appointments, 81
recruit installation, 1–2, 4
Butler, Roger, 264
Butler, Sherwood, 2, 7
Butts, William Davis, 142
Byrd, Harry
Brown v. Board of Education and, 141, 168–169, 170, 184–185
communist epithet, 66, 103, 170
Byrdsong, Thomas, 145–147, 166, 218, 269
C for cargo planes, 57
Cadettes, 82, 289
cafeteria segregated
Colored Computers sign, 43–45, 48
opting out, 130, 146–147
Soviet influence, 169–170
Camp Pickett laundry plant, 9–10, 11, 17
Cape Canaveral (FL)
filming activities, 217
launch weather, 215
mule train protest, 240–241
Project Mercury, 206
Cape Kennedy (FL), 240–241
Carl, Ann Baumgartner, 55
Carpenter, Scott, 188, 214
Cascade Aerodynamics West Computers, 87
Chaffee, Roger, 233
Chambers, Lenoir, 184, 309
Champine, Gloria, 257–261
Cherry, Mary, 16
Civil Rights Act (1964), 240
civil rights movement
astronaut support, 203, 309
Autherine Lucy, 152
bus segregation, 44–45, 168, 202
Civil Rights Act, 240
cost of Moon shot versus, 240–241, 251–252
economic rights and, 6, 103. See also Randolph, A. Philip Housing Rights Act, 241
Langley progress, 167–168
Lieutenant Uhura, 242–243
March on Washington, 228–229, 312
Martin Luther King Jr., 6, 168, 202, 228, 229, 240, 243
Mary McLeod Bethune, 66, 229
Nina Simone, 156
Poor People’s Campaign, 240–241
Ralph Abernathy, 168, 202, 240–241
sit-ins, 201–202
teacher salaries, 63, 70, 75
Vernon Johns, 33–34, 140
Voting Rights Act, 240
Woolworth’s lunch counter, 201
See also NAACP
civil service
advocate Ruth Bates Harris, xiii
loyalty forms of Truman, 102
merit system reforms, 32–33
Negro applicants, 6–7
oath of office, 1, 37, 274
photos on applications, 6–7, 33, 94
post office job bulletins, 15
Claytor, William Waldron Schieffelin, 24, 73–74
Cohen, Doris
author at NACA, xvii, 85, 290
R. T. Jones partner, 85, 88, 290
Cold War
“Communist” epithet, 66, 101, 102, 103, 170
Cuba, 207, 222
education and, 142, 158