238 The Hillside advertised: The Hillside was a mainstay of these black publications, its small black-and-white ad appearing regularly: “Pennsylvania’s Famous Resort Hotel HILLSIDE INN in the Heart of the Poconos Mountains Air Conditioned Rooms, Swimming Pool. Color TV . . .”
238 sweet potato pie and peach cobbler for dessert: Lawrence Louis Squeri, Better in the Poconos: The Story of Pennsylvania’s Vacationland (University Park, PA: Pennsylvania State Press, 2002), 182.
238 students at black colleges in the South: Ibid.
239 set the candle on fire at 9:37 a.m.: CBS News coverage of the launch of Apollo 11, July 17, 1969, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yDhcYhrCPmc.
239 Walter Cronkite to wield the jargon: Ibid.
240 the mighty Saturn V rocket consumed: Ibid.
249 $24 billion: Ibid.
241 perceived mistreatment of Ed Dwight: Richard Paul and Steven Moss, We Could Not Fail: The First African Americans in the Space Program (Austin: University of Texas Press, 2015), loc. 1902.
243 a celebrity NAACP civil rights fund-raiser: Nichelle Nichols interview with Neil deGrasse Tyson, StarTalk Radio, July 11, 2011, http://startalkradio.net/show/a-conversation-with-nichelle-nichols/.
243 “her greatest fan”: Ibid.
243 face-to-face with Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.: Ibid.
243 fourth in command of the ship: Ibid.
243 asked him to tear up the resignation letter: Ibid.
244 curiosity always bested fear: Moore interview.
244 Then, finally, at 10:38 p.m.: CBS News coverage of Apollo 11 lunar landing,” https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E96EPhqT-ds.
244 Neil Armstrong handicapped the odds: Neil Armstrong, interview with Alex Malley, 2011, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jfj2jqpst_Q.
245 “You have to expect progress to be made”: Johnson interview, December 27, 2010.
245 born at a time when the odds were more likely: 1920 US Census, Statistic of the Population.
245 circling the Moon every fifty-nine minutes: Richard Orloff, Apollo by The Numbers: A Statistical Reference (Washington, DC: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 2005), http://histry.nasa.gov/SP-4029/Apollo_18-01_General_Background.htm.
246 plot a course to Mars: Johnson interview, January 3, 2011; Harold A. Hamer and Katherine G. Johnson, “Simplified Interplanetary Guidance Procedures Using Onboard Optical Measurements,” Langley Research Center, May 1972, NTRS.
246 “grand tour” of the outer planets: J. W. Young and M. E. Hannah, “Alternate Multiple-Outer-Planet Missions Using a Saturn-Jupiter Flyby Sequence,” Langley Research Center, December 1973, NTRS. Marge Hannah and John Young received NASA achievement awards for their work on this paper. See: “Reid Award Committee Selects Best Directorate Papers for Honorable Mentions,” Langley Researcher, November, 1974, 5; John Worth Young Obituary, http://www.memorialsolutions.com/sitemaker/memsol_data/2061/1292572/1292572_2061.pdf.
EPILOGUE
248 “I loved every single day of it”: Johnson interview, December 27, 2010.
248 her greatest contribution to the space program: Johnson interview, September 27, 2013.
248 So what do you do when the computers go out?: Warren, Black Women Scientists in the United States, 144.
248 the first of a series of reports: Harold A. Hamer and Katherine G. Johnson, “An Approach Guidance Method Using a Single Onboard Optical Measurement,” NASA Langley Research Center, October 1970.
249 with Earth’s terminator: Nancy Atkinson, “13 Things That Saved Apollo 13, Part 6: Navigating by Earth’s Terminator,” UniverseToday.com, April 16, 2010.
249 “They are loud in their praise”: James L. Hicks, “Negroes in Key Roles in US Race for Space: Four Tan Yanks on Firing Team,” New York Amsterdam News, February 8, 1958.
250 A STEM institute bearing her name: The Alpha Academy in Fayetteville, North Carolina, plans to unveil its Katherine G. Johnson STEM Institute in 2016.
251 “Rockets, moon shots, spend it on the have-nots”: James Nyx Jr. and Marvin Gaye, “Inner City Blues,” What’s Going On, New York: Sony/ATV Music Publishing, 1971.
252 “pollution, ecological damage, energy shortages, and the arms race”: Robert Ferguson, NASA’s First A: Aeronautics from 1958 to 2008 (Washington, DC: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 2012).
252 “salt on the wounds”: Ibid.
252 “big fat money pot”: Alan Wasser, “LBJ’s Space Race: What We Didn’t Know Then, Part Two,” The Space Settlement Institute, June 27, 2005, http://www.thespacereview.com/article/401/1.
252 cancel its supersonic transport program: Christine M. Darden, “Affordable Supersonic Transport: Is It Near?” Japan Society for Aeronautical and Space Sciences lecture, Yokohama, Japan, October 9–11, 2002.
252 an “Apollo moment”: Hansen, Spaceflight Revolution, 102.
252 “setting dogs to barking”: Lawrence R. Benson, Quieting the Boom: The Shaped Sonic Boom Demonstrator and the Quest for Quiet Supersonic Flight (Washington, DC: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 2013), 8.
252 “death of pets and the insanity of livestock”: Ibid, 7.
253 “164 million”: “Exploring in Aeronautics: An Introduction to Aeronautical Sciences Developed at the NASA Lewis Research Center,” NASA Lewis Research Center, 1971, 1.
253 Langley announced a sweeping reorganization: Edgar M. Cortright, “Reorganization of Langley Research Center,” September 24, 1970.
253 to a total of 3,853 from its peak of 4,485: Hansen, Spaceflight Revolution, 102.
253 “routine, quick-reaction and economical access to space”: “Tenth Anniversary of John Glenn’s Space Flight Observed,” Langley Researcher, March 3, 1972.
254 Mary took FORTRAN classes: Jackson Personnel File.
254 She made so many speeches: “Speaker’s Bureau,” Langley Researcher, February 20, 1976.
254 “We have to do something like this”: “Personnel Profiles,” Langley Researcher, April 2, 1976.
255 organized the retirement party for Kazimierz Czarnecki: “Retirement Parties,” Langley Researcher, December 15, 1978.
255 papers to her name: Mary Jackson, “Mary W. Jackson, Federal Women’s Program Coordinator,” LHA, October 1979.
255 This was a contrast with Goddard: Dunnigan, “Two Women Chart Way for Astronauts.”
255 “to place a woman in at least one:” Edgar Cortright to Grove Webster, “NASA Plans to Attract More Qualified Women to Government Positions,” June 11, 1971, NARA Phil.
255 restricted women to playing during the workday: Sharon H. Stack, personal interview, April 22, 2014.
255 she had probably hit the glass ceiling: Champine interview.
256 instrumental in bringing the separate: Mary Winston Jackson Obituary program, February 17, 2005, in author’s possession.
256 equal opportunity employment counselor: “Meet Your EEO Counselors: Mary Jackson,” Langley Researcher, June 23, 1972.
256 Langley’s Federal Women’s Program Advisory Committee: “Advisory Committee,” Langley Researcher, May 11, 1973.
257 “fantasy that men were uniquely gifted”: Fries, “The History of Women in NASA.”
258 “everybody’s daddy had a plane”: Gloria Champine, personal interview, July 23, 2014.
258 the “crazy things”: Gloria Champine, “XB-15: First of the Big Bombers of World War II,” NASA History website, http://crgis.ndc.nasa.gov/historic/XB-15. Gloria’s father’s crew worked with the NACA’s chief test pilot, Melvin Gough, and a young Robert Gilruth to produce the report “Stalling Characteristics of the Boeing XB-15 Airplane (Air Corps No. 35-277), by M. N. Gough and R. R. Gilruth.
258 “They kept testing you”: Champine interview.
258 “hard head and strong shoulders and back”: Gloria Champine, interview with Sandra Johnson, JSC, May 1, 2008.
259 Gloria marched her over to meet: “EEO Highlights,” Langley Researcher, July 20, 1973.
259 “stay away from the woman stuff”: Champine interview, May 1, 2008.
259 It was a decision that helped her: Claudia Goldin, “The Female Labor Force and American Economic Growth, 1890–1980,” in Stanley L. Engerman and Robert E. Gallman, eds., Long-Term Factors in American Economic Growth (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1986), 557–604.