“devoted to each other” When the Great Recession hit the automotive industry, NUMMI was one of the casualties. GM, headed toward bankruptcy because of liabilities in other parts of the company, pulled out of the NUMMI partnership in 2009. Toyota concluded it couldn’t continue to operate the plant on its own. NUMMI closed in 2010, after manufacturing nearly eight million vehicles.
no end in sight Details on development of the Sentinel system come from interviews and Glenn A. Fine, The Federal Bureau of Investigation’s Pre-Acquisition Planning for and Controls over the Sentinel Case Management System, Audit Report 06-14 (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of the Inspector General, Audit Division, March 2006); Glenn A. Fine, Sentinel Audit II: Status of the Federal Bureau of Investigation’s Case Management System, Audit Report 07-03 (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of the Inspector General, Audit Division, December 2006); Glenn A. Fine, Sentinel Audit III: Status of the Federal Bureau of Investigation’s Case Management System, Audit Report 07-40 (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of the Inspector General, Audit Division, August 2007); Raymond J. Beaudet, Sentinel Audit IV: Status of the Federal Bureau of Investigation’s Case Management System, Audit Report 09-05 (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of the Inspector General, Audit Division, December 2008); Glenn A. Fine, Sentinel Audit V: Status of the Federal Bureau of Investigation’s Case Management System, Audit Report 10-03 (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of the Inspector General, Audit Division, November 2009); Status of the Federal Bureau of Investigation’s Implementation of the Sentinel Project, Audit Report 10-22 (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of the Inspector General, March 2010); Thomas J. Harrington, “Response to OIG Report on the FBI’s Sentinel Project,” FBI press release, October 20, 2010, https://www.fbi.gov/news/pressrel/press-releases/mediaresponse_102010; Cynthia A. Schnedar, Status of the Federal Bureau of Investigation’s Implementation of the Sentinel Project, Report 12-08 (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of the Inspector General, December 2011); Michael E. Horowitz, Interim Report on the Federal Bureau of Investigation’s Implementation of the Sentinel Project, Report 12-38 (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of the Inspector General, September 2012); Michael E. Horowitz, Audit of the Status of the Federal Bureau of Investigation’s Sentinel Program, Report 14-31 (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of the Inspector General, September 2014); William Anderson et al., Sentinel Report (Pittsburgh: Carnegie Mellon Software Engineering Institute, September 2010); David Perera, “Report Questions FBI’s Ability to Implement Agile Development for Sentinel,” FierceGovernmentIT, December 5, 2010, http://www.fiercegovernmentit.com/story/report-questions-fbis-ability-implement-agile-development-sentinel/2010-12-05; David Perera, “FBI: We’ll Complete Sentinel with $20 Million and 67 Percent Fewer Workers,” FierceGovernmentIT, October 20, 2010, http://www.fiercegovernmentit.com/story/fbi-well-complete-sentinel-20-million-and-67-percent-fewer-workers/2010-10-20; Jason Bloomberg, “How the FBI Proves Agile Works for Government Agencies,” CIO, August 22, 2012, http://www.cio.com/article/2392970/agile-development/how-the-fbi-proves-agile-works-for-government-agencies.html; Eric Lichtblau, “FBI Faces New Setback in Computer Overhaul,” The New York Times, March 18, 2010; “More Fallout from Failed Attempt to Modernize FBI Computer System,” Office of Senator Chuck Grassley, July 21, 2010; “Technology Troubles Plague FBI, Audit Finds,” The Wall Street Journal, October 20, 2010; “Audit Sees More FBI Computer Woes,” The Wall Street Journal, October 21, 2010; “FBI Takes Over Sentinel Project,” Information Management Journal 45, no. 1 (2011); Curt Anderson, “FBI Computer Upgrade Is Delayed,” Associated Press, December 23, 2011; Damon Porter, “Years Late and Millions over Budget, FBI’s Sentinel Finally On Line,” PC Magazine, July 31, 2012; Evan Perez, “FBI Files Go Digital, After Years of Delays,” The Wall Street Journal, August 1, 2012.
Toyota Production System philosophy to other industries For more on lean and agile management and methodologies, please see Craig Larman, Agile and Iterative Development: A Manager’s Guide (Boston: Addison-Wesley Professional, 2004); Barry Boehm and Richard Turner, Balancing Agility and Discipline: A Guide for the Perplexed (Boston: Addison-Wesley Professional, 2003); James Shore, The Art of Agile Development (Farnham, UK: O’Reilly Media, 2007); David Cohen, Mikael Lindvall, and Patricia Costa, “An Introduction to Agile Methods,” Advances in Computers 62 (2004): 1–66; Matthias Holweg, “The Genealogy of Lean Production,” Journal of Operations Management 25, no. 2 (2007): 420–37; John F. Krafcik, “Triumph of the Lean Production System,” MIT Sloan Management Review 30, no. 1 (1988): 41; Jeffrey Liker and Michael Hoseus, Toyota Culture: The Heart and Soul of the Toyota Way (New York: McGraw-Hill, 2007); Steven Spear and H. Kent Bowen, “Decoding the DNA of the Toyota Production System,” Harvard Business Review 77 (1999): 96–108; James P. Womack and Daniel T. Jones, Lean Thinking: Banish Waste and Create Wealth in Your Corporation (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2010); Stephen A. Ruffa, Going Lean: How the Best Companies Apply Lean Manufacturing Principles to Shatter Uncertainty, Drive Innovation, and Maximize Profits (New York: American Management Association, 2008); Julian Page, Implementing Lean Manufacturing Techniques: Making Your System Lean and Living with It (Cincinnati: Hanser Gardner, 2004).
how software was created “What Is Agile Software Development?” Agile Alliance, June 8, 2013, http://www.agilealliance.org/the-alliance/what-is-agile/; Kent Beck et al., “Manifesto for Agile Software Development,” Agile Manifesto, 2001, http://www.agilemanifesto.org/.
among many tech firms Dave West et al., “Agile Development: Mainstream Adoption Has Changed Agility,” Forrester Research 2 (2010): 41.
“fix what’s broken?” Ed Catmull and Amy Wallace, Creativity, Inc.: Overcoming the Unseen Forces That Stand in the Way of True Inspiration (New York: Random House, 2014).
wrote in 2005 J. P. Womack and D. Miller, Going Lean in Health Care (Cambridge, Mass.: Institute for Healthcare Improvement, 2005).
get Sentinel working Jeff Stein, “FBI Sentinel Project Is over Budget and Behind Schedule, Say IT Auditors,” The Washington Post, October 20, 2010.