NOTES
The page numbers for the notes that appeared in the print version of this title are not in your e-book. Please use the search function on your e-reading device to search for the relevant passages documented or discussed.
PROLOGUE: MEETING ISIS
“If the U.S. hits us with flowers”: Anthony Faiola and Souad Mekhennet, “In Turkey, a Late Crackdown on Islamic Fighters,” Washington Post, August 14, 2014.
1: STRANGER IN A STRANGE LAND
on the first day of the Islamic year 1400: Information in these paragraphs for the most part is from Yaroslav Trofimov’s superb The Siege of Mecca: The 1979 Uprising at Islam’s Holiest Shrine (New York: Anchor Books, 2008).
a group of armed religious extremists: “While the [Saudi Interior Ministry] statement did not specify the nationality of the attackers or mention casualties, unconfirmed reports from other Arab sources indicated the invaders were followers of Iran’s Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini and said the takeover resulted in casualties when the attackers clashed with Saudi authorities.” Edward Cody, “Armed Men Seize Mecca’s Great Mosque,” Washington Post, November 21, 1979.
German companies were recruiting workers: The Federal Republic of Germany (FRG) concluded various recruitment agreements with: Italy (1955), Spain (1960), Greece (1960), Turkey (1961), Morocco (1963), South Korea (1963), Portugal (1964), Tunisia (1965), and the then Yugoslavia (1968). The number of recruitments decreased during the economic recession of 1966–67 and then came to a complete halt in 1973 due to the economic impact of the oil crisis. The former German Democratic Republic (GDR) employed so-called contract laborers from Hungary, Vietnam, Cuba, Mozambique, Poland, and Angola.
the 1972 Olympic Games in Munich: David Binder, “Munich Police Ordered 5 to Ambush 8 Terrorists,” New York Times, September 8, 1972.
Baader-Meinhof included the children of German intellectuals: Stefan Aust and Anthea Bell, Baader-Meinhof: The Inside Story of the RAF (New York: Oxford University Press, 2009).
a dynasty of sharifs: “Sharif.” In The Oxford Dictionary of Islam, edited by John L. Esposito, Oxford Islamic Studies Online, http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e2173.
some Shia see Aisha more critically: Nabia Abbott, “Women and the State in Early Islam,” Journal of Near Eastern Studies 1, no. 1 (1942): 106–26.
They didn’t realize that a quiet battle was beginning: “But with the benefit of hindsight it is painfully clear: the countdown to September 11, to the terrorist bombings in London and Madrid, and to the grisly Islamist violence ravaging Afghanistan and Iraq all began on that warm November morning, in the shade of the Kaaba.” Trofimov, Siege of Mecca, p. 7.
xenophobic riots broke out in Hoyerswerda: Stephen Kinzer, “A Wave of Attacks on Foreigners Stirs Shock in Germany,” New York Times, October 1, 1991.
The attackers called the fire department: Marc Fisher, “2 Neo-Nazis Confess in Death of 3 Turks,” Washington Post, December 2, 1992.
another Turkish guest worker, Durmus Genc: Mevlüde and Durmus Genc emigrated from Turkey in the early 1970s. Bundeszentrale für politische Bildung, “Hintergrund aktuell: 20 Jahre Brandanschlag in Solingen,” August 25, 2013, http://www.bpb.de/politik/hintergrund-aktuell/161980/brandanschlag-in-solingen-28-05-2013.
Genc’s two daughters and two granddaughters: Terrence Petty, “Five Turks Killed in Arson Attack,” Associated Press, May 29, 1993.
2: THE HAMBURG CELL
Der Spiegel was Germany’s most famous weekly magazine: Christoph Gunkel, “50th Anniversary of the ‘SPIEGEL Affair’: A Watershed Moment for West German Democracy,” Spiegel Online, September 21, 2012.
The case involved five Algerians: Four were convicted in March 2003; the fifth was dropped from the case in August 2002 due to lack of evidence. “Four Convicted of Strasbourg Bomb Plot,” Guardian, March 10, 2003, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2003/mar/10/germany.france; Peter Finn and Erik Schelzig, “Algerian Accused in Bombing Plot Ejected by Judge; Defendant Disrupts Trial in Germany,” Washington Post, April 17, 2002.
“Hamburg’s Cauldron of Terror”: Peter Finn, “Hamburg’s Cauldron of Terror,” Washington Post, September 11, 2002.
Al-Janabi’s alarming claims: Vice Admiral L. E. Jacoby, Director, Defense Intelligence Agency, Info Memo, Subject: CURVEBALL Background, January 14, 2005. National Security Archive, http://nsarchive.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB534-DIA-Declassified-Sourcebook/documents/DIA-36.pdf.
the Bush administration ignored the warnings: Professor Friedbert Pflüger was interviewed for a public broadcast documentary by the German Norddeutscher Rundfunk (NDR), 2010: “Die Lügen vom Dienst: Der BND und der Irakkrieg” (The Lies of the Service: The BND and the Iraq War), http://www.daserste.de/information/reportage-dokumentation/dokus/videos/die-luegen-vom-dienst-der-bnd-und-der-irakkrieg-100.html.
Powell spoke of the “sinister nexus”: Weeks after Powell’s presentation, UN weapons inspectors investigated a facility in Djerf al-Nadaf, Iraq, finding a concrete wall where Curveball reported mobile weapons production trailers would enter and leave the installation. Inspectors found that the wall must have already existed for quite some time, making trailer movement impossible. Only in March 2004 did the CIA gain access to Curveball. He was questioned directly for the first time and confronted with satellite imagery that contradicted his claims about large trailers moving through the facility in Djerf al-Nadaf. The CIA and DIA officially declared Curveball a fabricator. George Tenet later resigned as the director of the CIA.
3: A COUNTRY WITH A DIVIDED SOUL
The historic roots of the religious Sunni-Shia conflict: Heinz Halm, Der Schiitische Islam: Von der Religion zur Revolution (Munich: C. H. Beck, 1994), p. 16.
their own religious practices and sources: The Shia themselves are also divided in subsects, the Shia of the twelve, Ithna Ashariyya, being the biggest. In referring to “Shia” in this book, I generally refer to the practices of the Ithna Ashariyya. Oxford Islamic Studies, “Shii Islam,” accessed November 25, 2016, http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e2189.
the Americans had arrested him: Vernon Loeb and John Mintz, “Iraqi Who Might Have Met with 9/11 Hijacker Is Captured; New Focus Is Put on Iraq’s Alleged Links to al-Qaeda,” Washington Post, July 9, 2003.
he’d lived in Iran and Syria: “Maliki Gives Up Fight to Remain Iraqi Prime Minister,” Radio Free Europe, August 14, 2014.
Iran continued to provide political, financial, and military support: Kenneth Katzman, “Iran’s Activities and Influence in Iraq,” Congressional Research Service (CRS) Report for Congress, June 4, 2009.