Roland, Alex. Model Research: The National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics, 1915–1958. Washington, DC: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1985.
Rossiter, Margaret W. Women Scientists in America: Before Affirmative Action 1940–1972. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1995.
Rouse, Jr. Parke S. The Good Old Days in Hampton and Newport News. Petersburg, VA: Dietz Press, 2001.
Smith, Bob. They Closed Their Schools: Prince Edward County, Virginia, 1951–1964. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. 1965.
Sparrow, James T. Warfare State: World War II Americans and the Age of Big Government. New York: Oxford University Press, 2011.
Stillwell, Wendell H. X-15 Research Results. Washington, DC: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1964.
Warren, Wini. Black Women Scientists in the United States. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2000.
Wolfe, Tom. The Right Stuff. New York: Macmillan, 2004.
Woodbury, Margaret Claytor, and Ruth C. Marsh. Virginia Kaleidoscope: The Claytor Family of Roanoke, and Some of Its Kinships, from First Families of Virginia and Their Former Slaves. Ann Arbor, MI: Ruth C. Marsh, 1994.
Wright, Gavin. Sharing the Prize: The Economics of the Civil Rights Revolution in the American South. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2013.
Articles
Bailey, Martha J., and William J. Collins. “The Wage Gains of African-American Women in the 1940s.” National Bureau of Economic Research, 2004, http://www.nber.org/papers/w10621.pdf.
Branson, Herman. “The Role of the Negro College in the Preparation of Technical Personnel for the War Effort.” The Journal of Negro Education, July 1942, 297–303.
Burgess, P. R. “Uncle Sam’s Eagles Saved Hampton.” Richmond Times Dispatch, January 13, 1935.
Collins, William J. Race. “Roosevelt and Wartime Production: Fair Employment in World War II Labor Markets.” American Economic Review 91, no. 1 (March 2001): 272–86.
Dabney, Virginius. “To Lessen Race Friction.” Richmond Times-Dispatch, November 13, 1943.
Darden, Christine M. “Affordable Supersonic Transport: Is it Near?” Japan Society for Aeronautical and Space Sciences lecture, Yokohama, Japan, October 9–11, 2002.
Davis, John A., and Cornelius Golightly. “Negro Employment in the Federal Government.” Phylon 6, no. 4 (1945): 337–46.
Dunnigan, Alice A., “Two Women Help Chart the Way for the Astronauts.” Norfolk Journal and Guide, July 6, 1963.
“Four Women ‘Engineers’ Begin Jobs.” Norfolk Journal and Guide, May 22, 1943.
Frazier, Lisa. “Searching for Dorothy.” Washington Post, May 7, 2000.
“Funeral Services Held for James F. Goble.” Norfolk Journal and Guide, December 29, 1956.
Gainer, Mary E. and Robert C. Moyer. “Chasing Theory to the Edge of Space: The Development of the X-15 at NACA Langley Aeronautical Laboratory.” Quest Spaceflight Quarterly, no. 2, 2012.
Goldstein, Richard. “Irene Morgan Kirklady, 90, Rights Pioneer, Dies.” New York Times, August 1, 2007.
Gup, Ted. “The Ultimate Congressional Hideaway.” Washington Post, May 31, 1992.
Hall, Jacqueline Dowd. “The Long Civil Rights Movement and the Political Uses of the Past.” The Journal of American History, March 2005, 1233–63.
Hall, Phyllis A. “Crisis at Hampton Roads: The Problems of Wartime Congestion, 1942–1944.” The Virginia Magazine of History and Bibliography, July 1993, 405–32.
Heinemann, Ronald L. “The Byrd Legacy: Integrity, Honesty, Lack of Imagination, Massive Resistance.” Richmond Times-Dispatch, August 25, 2013.
Hine, Darlene Clark. “Black Professionals and Race Consciousness: Origins of the Civil Rights Movement, 1980–1950.” Journal of American History, March 2003, 1279–94.
“Lady Mathematician Played Key Role in Glenn Space Flight.” Pittsburgh Courier, March 10, 1962.
Lawrence, Dave. “Langley Engineer Is Remembered for Part in History.” Daily Press, August 21, 1999.
Lewis, Shawn D. “She Lives with Wind Tunnels.” Ebony Magazine, August 1977, 116.
Light, Jennifer S. “When Computers Were Women.” Technology and Culture, July 1999, 455–83.
McCuiston, Fred. “The South’s Negro Teaching Force.” The Journal of Negro Education, April 1932, 16–24.
“Newsome Park to Open Soon; Shopping Center Is Feature.” Norfolk Journal and Guide, March 27, 1943.
Reklaitis, Victor. “Hampton Archive: J. S. Darling: Leader of Seafood Industry in Hampton.” Daily Press, August 27, 2006.
Rorty, James R. “Virginia’s Creeping Desegregation: Force of the Inevitable.” Commentary Magazine, July 1956.
Rouse, Parker. “Hampton Archive: Early Days at Langley Were Colorful.” Daily Press, March 25, 1990.
Shloss, Leon. “Russia Said to Have Fastest Fighter Plane.” Norfolk Journal and Guide, February 18, 1950.
St. John Erickson, Mark. “No Easy Journey.” Daily Press, May 1, 2004.
Stradling, Richard. “Retired Engineer Remembers Segregated Langley.” Daily Press, February 8, 1998.
Thompson, James G. “Should I Sacrifice to Live ‘Half-American’?” Pittsburgh Courier, January 31, 1942.
Uher, Bill. “Tuskegee Airman Reunites with ‘Best Plane in the World.’?” NASA.gov, June 10, 2004.
“USO Secretary Weds Navy Man.” Norfolk Journal and Guide, November 25, 1944.
Vaughn, Tyra M. “After Civil War, Black Businesses Flourished in Hampton Roads.” Daily Press, February 14, 2010.
Walker, W. R. “Mimosa Crescent, Post-War Housing Project, Started.” Norfolk Journal and Guide, July 15, 1944.
Watson, Denise M. “Lunch Counter Sit-ins: 50 Years Later.” Virginian-Pilot, February 15, 2010.
Weaver, Robert C. “The Employment of the Negro in War Industries.” The Journal of Negro Education, Summer 1943, 386–96.
“What’s a War Boom Like?” Business Week, June 6, 1942, 22–32.
NOTES
The pagination of this electronic edition does not match the edition from which it was created. To locate a specific entry, please use your e-book reader’s search tools.
PROLOGUE
Page Number
xvi “GS-9 Research Scientist”: W. Kemble Johnson to NACA, “Fair Employment,” December 14, 1951. National Archives at Philadelphia, hereinafter referred to as NARA Phil.
xvi two white head computers: Blanche S. Fitchett personnel file, US Civil Service Commission. National Personnel Records Center, hereinafter referred to as NPRC.
xvi ‘This is a scientist, this is an engineer’: Women Computers, video recorded at NASA Langley, December 13, 1990. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o-MN3Cp2Cpc.
xvi “I just assumed they were all secretaries”: Ibid.
xvi Five white women: “What’s My Name?” Air Scoop, June 14, 1946.
xvi “Several hundred”: Beverly Golemba, “Human Computers: The Women in Aeronautical Research,” PhD dissertation, St. Leo College, 1994, 4. Available at NASA Cultural Resources, http://crgis.ndc.nasa.gov/crgis/images/c/c7/Golemba.pdf.
xviii “Spacetown USA”: James R. Hansen, Spaceflight Revolution: NASA Langley Research Center from Sputnik to Apollo (Washington, DC: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1995). The town was dubbed “Spacetown, USA” at the October 5, 1962, astronaut parade celebrating Project Mercury. Hansen’s book (p. 78–79) has wonderful pictures of the day.
CHAPTER 1: A DOOR OPENS
1 “This establishment has urgent need”: Melvin Butler to Chief of Field Operations, Telegram, US Civil Service Commission, May 13, 1943, NARA Phil.
1 Every morning at 7:00 a.m.: M. J. McAuliffe to Recruiting Representatives, Fourth Regional Office, “Recruiting Workers for National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (Langley Memorial Aeronautical Laboratory),” January 28, 1944, NARA Phil.
1 Dispatching the lab’s station wagon: Ibid.
1 so help me God: This is the oath taken by all federal civil servants. The full text is available at https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/5/3331.