19. Lepore and Revenson, “Relationships Between Posttraumatic Growth.”
20. “The Counted: People Killed by Police in the U.S.”
21. van Dernoot Lipsky, Trauma Stewardship, chap. 4.
22. See Appendix B: Standards of Self-Care Gudelines; Mathieu, Compassion Fatigue Workbook.
CHAPTER 5: THE BIKINI INDUSTRIAL COMPLEX
1. Dohnt and Tiggemann, “Body Image Concerns.”
2. Evans, Tovée, et al., “Body Dissatisfaction and Disordered Eating Attitudes.”
3. Vander Wal, “Unhealthy Weight Control Behaviors.”
4. Becker, “Television, Disordered Eating, and Young Women.”
5. “Thick Dumpling Skin”; Cusio, “?‘Eat Up.’?”
6. “Taking Surprising Risks For The Ideal Body.” Accessed December 7, 2018. http://www.npr.org/?templates/?story/?story.php?storyId=124700865.
7. Permanent Market Research, “Global Nutrition and Supplements Market.”
8. Ernsberger and Koletsky, “Weight Cycling.”
9. Risk of all-cause mortality by BMI for women and men, data from Lancet table e7 in the supplementary materials, http://www.thelancet.com/?cms/?attachment/?2074019615/?2068888322/?mmc1.pdf. Unlabeled data points and error values on the graph are as follows:
10. Keith, Fontaine, and Allison, “Mortality Rate and Overweight”; Di Angelantonio, Shilpa, Bhupathiraju, et al., “Body-Mass Index and All-Cause Mortality.”
11. Keith, Fontaine, and Allison, “Mortality Rate and Overweight.”
12. Park, Wilkens, et al., “Weight Change in Older Adults.”
13. Calogero, Tylka, and Mensinger, “Scientific Weightism.”
14. Feinman, Pogozelski, et al., “Dietary Carbohydrate Restriction.”
15. Schatz and Ornstein, Athlete.
16. Collazo-Clavell and Lopez-Jimenez, “Accuracy of Body Mass Index.”
17. Saguy, What’s Wrong with Fat?
18. If you’d like a full account of the political manipulations by the Bikini Industrial Complex that created a world where “healthy weight” means “the lowest weight you can still be healthy” instead of “a wide range indicating general good health,” check out Bacon, Health at Every Size, or, for nerds, her peer-reviewed academic journal article with Aphramor, “Weight Science.”
19. “Why People Hate Tess Munster,” Militant Baker.
20. Brown, “These Women Were Fat-Shamed”; Kolata, “Shame of Fat Shaming”; Engber, “Glutton Intolerance”; Chapman, Kaatz, and Carnes, “Physicians and Implicit Bias”; Puhl and Heuer, “Obesity Stigma.”
21. Le Grange, Swanson, et al., “Eating Disorder Not Otherwise Specified.” “Every 62 minutes at least one person dies as a direct result from an eating disorder.” “Eating Disorder Statistics.” ANAD.
22. Furnham, Badmin, and Sneade, “Body Image Dissatisfaction”; Kilpatrick, Hebert, and Bartholomew, “College Students’ Motivation for Physical Activity.”
23. Dittmar, Halliwell, and Ive, “Does Barbie Make Girls Want to Be Thin?”
24. Puhl, Andreyeva, and Brownell, “Perceptions of Weight Discrimination”; Fikkan and Rothblum, “Is Fat a Feminist Issue?”
25. Table 205, “Cumulative Percent Distribution of Population by Height and Sex, 2007 to 2008,” https://www2.census.gov/?library/?publications/?2010/?compendia/?statab/?130ed/?tables/?11s0205.pdf; Lee and Pausé, “Stigma in Practice.”
26. Farrell, Fat Shame, 145.
27. Ibid.
28. Ibid.
29. Recent examples of this increasingly substantial conclusion: A 2013 meta-analysis found that various diet and exercise regimens could, on average, sustain weight loss of eight pounds over eighteen months: Johansson, Neovius, and Hemmingsson, “Effects of Anti-Obesity Drugs.” A 2014 meta-analysis of the effect of exercise on weight loss found that physical activity sustained weight loss of five pounds over twelve months: Swift, Johannsen, et al., “Role of Exercise and Physical.”
30. For example, the Be Body Positive Model offers five competencies for healing your relationship with your body: (1) Reclaim health, by centering your well-being—physical, emotional, social—and shifting “weight” and “body shape” to the periphery. (2) Practice intuitive self-care, by listening to your body and attending to your body’s need, without trying to control or regulate those needs. (3) Cultivate self-love, by practicing self-compassion, or, as Be Body Positive founder Connie Sobczak puts it, “cultivate mercy for your impermanent and ever-changing body.” (4) Declare your own authentic beauty, by shifting your definition of beauty from the culturally defined standard to “a dynamic, engaged relationship with the world around us.” “Declare Your Own Authentic Beauty,” TheBodyPositive. You can practice with their online gallery at thisisbeauty.org, where you’ll find not just photos, but videos, stories, and poems. And finally, (5) Build community, surrounding yourself with people who support you in these ideas. You can read an entire book on the Be Body Positive Model, embody, by Connie Sobczak. Health at Every Size (HAES?), similarly, has four principles: Accept your size, trust yourself, adopt healthy lifestyle habits, and embrace size diversity, welcoming the reality that people vary in their size and shape, just as they vary in their race and sexual orientation. “Open to the beauty found across the spectrum,” says the HAES manifesto. Bacon, Health at Every Size, 274. The Body Project, too, aims to reduce internalization of the “thin ideal” and body self-criticism, and to teach skills of interrupting “fat talk” and “body talk” conversations that reinforce the thin ideal and body self-criticism. Stice and Presnell, Body Project.
31. For a book all about full-on loving your body, see Taylor, Body Is Not an Apology.
32. This sense of your own internal experience is interoception. Craig, “How Do You Feel?”
CHAPTER 6: CONNECT
1. Bakwin, “Loneliness in Infants.”
2. Cacioppo and Patrick, Loneliness, chap. 6; Gangestad and Grebe, “Hormonal Systems, Human Social Bonding, and Affiliation.”
3. Holt-Lunstad, “Social Relationships and Mortality Risk: A Meta-analytic Review.”
4. Polack, “New CIGNA Study Reveals Loneliness.”
5. Prime Minister’s Office. “PM Commits to Government-wide Drive.”
6. Hari, Sams, and Nummenmaa, “Attending To and Neglecting People,” 20150365.
7. Golland, Arzouan, and Levit-Binnun, “The Mere Co-presence.”
8. Cacioppo, Zhou, et al., “You Are in Sync with Me.”
9. Goleman, Social Intelligence, 4.
10. Gerhardt, Why Love Matters.
11. Connection is so fundamental to the nature of being human, so essential to our development, that some scientists argue the socially connected mind is the true “default mode.” Hari, Henriksson, et al., “Centrality of Social Interaction.”
12. Baumeister and Leary, “Need to Belong”; Malone, Pillow, and Osman, “General Belongingness Scale.”
13. Cacioppo and Hawkley, “Loneliness”; Leary, Kelly, et al., “Construct Validity”; Gooding, Winston, et al., “Individual Differences in Hedonic Experience.”
14. Nichols and Webster, “Single-Item Need to Belong Scale”; Gardner, Pickett, et al., “On the Outside Looking In”; Kanai, Bahrami, et al., “Brain Structure Links Loneliness”; Beekman, Stock, and Marcus, “Need to Belong, Not Rejection Sensitivity.”
15. Robles, Slatcher, et al., “Marital Quality and Health.”
16. Coan and Sbarra, “Social Baseline Theory.” The authors observe, “To the human brain, social and metabolic resources are treated almost interchangeably.”
17. Gottman, Science of Trust, chap. 6.
18. Ibid., chap. 10.
19. Robinson, Lopez, et al., “Authenticity, Social Context, and Well-Being.”
20. Ibid.
21. Clinchy, “Connected and Separate Knowing.”
22. Ryan and David, “Gender Differences in Ways of Knowing.”
23. Valdesolo, Ouyang, and DeSteno, “Rhythm of Joint Action.”
24. Cirelli, Einarson, and Trainor, “Interpersonal Synchrony Increases.”
25. McNeill, Keeping Together in Time: Dance and Drill in Human History.
CHAPTER 7: WHAT MAKES YOU STRONGER