To Marie-Hélène Frizet, for all her advice to—and patience with—my family.
To Grant King, with noble assists from Tom McEnaney and Forrest Richards, for braving the spiders with me; to Elizabeth Thornberry, for helping me paint the shutters; to Erin Fornoff, for being my shining star, for hoeing my garden, and for all the rules of engagement; to Elizabeth Janiak, for being there staunchly and always, and bringing me books. And appropriate shoes.
To Eve-Marie Cloquet, for another room of my own.
To Tomas Fitzel, for sharing his memories of my grandfather.
To Martha Zuber, benefactress, fairy godmother, cheerleader, maven, dear friend, and all-around mensch.
To Jonathan Zeitlin, Froma Zeitlin, and Daniel Mendelsohn, for their kind and enthusiastic support, and for leading me to Lydia.
To everyone at Moog Music, for standing by my family; to Mike Adams especially; and to Ian Vigstedt and Krystal Smith for help with printing and scanning.
To Christine Kane, for business advice that helped keep me afloat while I was finishing this project.
To Nikki Layser, for appearing with ideas and connections when I thought all was lost; to Nora Spiegel, for hard work, kind words, and meeting me in the rain; to Ben Wikler, for help with the title.
To the extraordinary staff at the EMS Les Marronniers, for taking such good care of my grandfather; to Michèle and Fran?ois Fraiberger, for getting him there; to Jean-Philippe and Danièle Deschamps, whose hospitality, generosity, and affection got us through so many tough moments and created so many delightful ones.
To Hélène Deschamps, for giving us a roof over our heads when we needed it, for all the hours of grandmothering, for helping us to pursue our dreams.
To my four wonderful parents, for their love and enthusiasm throughout—Robert Richmond and Kathleen Mavournin: to both of you, for sharing your appetite for the written word from day one, and for reading all those drafts; to Dad, for help with the German translation, the broken rib scene, and countless other details. Robert Moog and Ileana Grams-Moog: to Abah, for more than I could ever say, even had there been more time to say it in; to Mom, for everything, really everything, and especially for being smarter than any pig.
To my grandparents, for all they were, all they endured, all they taught, all they remembered, all they did and didn’t say.
To Estelle Anna, whose brightness, beauty, and determination bear witness to the star for whom she was named.
Last and most of all to my husband; for his unwavering support; for his wisdom, rigor, and kindness; for teaching me courage and helping me to be a better person; for making me laugh; for all the joy and love, every step of the way. Doudou, I think you know by now: it was never about the indoor plumbing.
A NOTE ON SOURCES
Below, for the reader who is curious to learn more, is a nonacademic and nonexhaustive list of sources I consulted to complete this book. I have included the works I found the most useful, informative, thought-provoking, and inspiring, so my list is divided by topic rather than by chapter.
All of the research for A Fifty-Year Silence was conducted in French and English (along with a little German, with help from my father, Robert Richmond); all translations in the text, unless otherwise noted, are my own. For the convenience of English-speaking readers, I have cited all French sources in their English translations, except for cases in which a translation is unavailable.
PRIMARY SOURCES
My main primary sources were, of course, my grandparents. In addition to my conversations and correspondence with them, my work would not have been possible without the sources listed here.
The Swiss Federal Archives in Bern: these archives contain some 45,000 personal files on the civilian refugees interned in Switzerland during the Second World War, including those of my grandparents and my mother (which may be found in Dossier No. 07130).
The Steven Spielberg Film and Video Archive at the U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum: this extraordinary repository contains all kinds of information, including footage from the Nuremberg Trials in which I was able to observe my grandfather at work.
The Lillian Goldman Law Library at Yale Law School: complete transcripts of the Nuremberg Trials, available through its website, were of great help in reconstructing my grandfather’s experiences.
SECONDARY SOURCES
World War II in France
BLOCH, MARC. Strange Defeat. Translated by Gerard Hopkins. New York: W. W. Norton, 1968.
BURRIN, PHILIPPE. France Under the Germans: Collaboration and Compromise. Translated by Janet Lloyd. New York: New Press, 1996.
FRY, VARIAN. Surrender on Demand. Boulder, Colo.: Johnson Press and the U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum, 1997.
LEBOVICS, HERMAN. True France: The Wars over Cultural Identity, 1900–1945. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1992.
MARRUS, MICHAEL, AND ROBERT PAXTON. Vichy France and the Jews. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1995.
PAXTON, ROBERT. Vichy France: Old Guard and New Order, 1940–1944. New York: Columbia University Press, 2001.
ROUSSO, HENRY. The Vichy Syndrome: History and Memory in France Since 1944. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1994.
Refugees in Switzerland
MUNOS-DU PELOUX, ODILE. Passer en Suisse: Les passages clandestins entre la Haute-Savoie et la Suisse, 1940–1944. Grenoble: Presses Universitaires de Grenoble, 2002.
REGARD, FABIENNE. La Suisse, paradis de l’enfer? Mémoire de réfugiés juifs. Yens-sur-Morges, Switzerland: Cabédita, 2002.
The Nuremberg Trials
GAIBA, FRANCESCA. The Origins of Simultaneous Interpretation: The Nuremberg Trial. Ottawa, Ontario: University of Ottawa Press, 1998.
GASKIN, HILARY. Eyewitnesses at Nuremberg. London: Arms and Armour Press, 1990.
KOHL, CHRISTIANE. The Witness House: Nazis and Holocaust Survivors Sharing a Villa during the Nuremberg Trials. Translated by Anthea Bell. New York: Other Press, 2010.
RAMLER, SIEGFRIED. Nuremberg and Beyond: The Memoirs of Siegfried Ramler from Twentieth-Century Europe to Hawai’i. Kailua, Hawaii: Ahuna Press, 2008.
SONNENFELDT, RICHARD W. Witness to Nuremberg. New York: Arcade, 2006.
TAYLOR, TELFORD. The Anatomy of the Nuremberg Trials. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1992.